肥胖已成为全球普遍关注的健康问题。减重手术已广泛应用于重度肥胖患者,不仅可以显著减轻体重,而且还对肥胖相关的内分泌代谢紊乱(特别是2型188bet在线平台网址 )产生有利影响。然而,也有一些患者出现了较严重的并发症,包括围手术期及长期随访的营养代谢相关并发症,其中多数并发症的病因为宏量及微量营养素摄入不足或不均衡。因此,应警惕减重手术术后患者可能发生的营养缺乏及其症状。早期给予预防性治疗以有效避免代谢并发症的发生,最终获得良好的临床结局。
4.其他脂溶性维生素缺乏:有研究报道称即使在每天补充复合维生素情况下仍然存在维生素缺乏,维生素A缺乏发生率为5%~69%,维生素K 50%~68%,维生素E 4%~5%[13,24]。RYGB术后4年维生素A缺乏发生率为10%,而行DS-BPD手术后4年维生素A缺乏增加到69%,但无明显临床症状[26]。另外也有其他研究发现维生素A缺乏发病率不如前面那么高,BPD术后8年只有12%,DS-BPD术后4年5%[33]。由于术后维生素A、K、E缺乏临床症状表现不明显,减肥手术后每6到12月对脂溶性维生素进行评估是有必要的。
5.选择性水溶性维生素:水溶性维生素B1需要一个酸性环境在近端小肠吸收。因此胃肠旁路手术绕过十二指肠同时又减少胃酸分泌,使维生素B1缺乏的风险增加。但有趣的是目前减肥手术后发生维生素B1缺乏的情况很少见。Chang等[34]采用大规模问卷调查168010例减肥手术,发现只有29例存在明显的维生素B1缺乏(0.017%),11例存在联合维生素B12和B1缺乏。相比限制性手术,吸收不良性性手术(BPD、RYGB)发生维生素B1缺乏的机会更多,但总体都是非常低[34]。那些术后发生维生素B1缺乏的患者,多存在术后剧烈呕吐或厌食,以及长期静脉营养治疗等情况。当存在这些危险因素是,应提前给予维生素B1预防Wernicke's/Korsikoff's脑病、beri-beri 神经病变的发生。目前证据表明每天补充50~100 mg维生素B1能够有效缓解导致的并发症[34]。
维生素B12主要是在回肠末端吸收,并且需要有内因子的辅助。体内维生素B12储存量大约2000 μg,平均每天只需要量是2 μg。尽管存在大量的储备,减肥手术后维生素B12缺乏还是很常见。根据维生素B12在体内的吸收特点,吸收不良性术式后发生维生素B12缺乏的可能性更大。Brolin等[11]估计RYGB术后维生素B12缺乏发生率是12%~33%,3年后随访证实发生率为33%。另外一些研究也有类似的发现,RYGB术后1、2、4年维生素B12缺乏的发生率分别是33%、36%、33%。BDP手术后1~2年发生维生素B12缺乏的患者有12.5%[35],4年后22%[12]。BDP术式中行或不行十二指肠转换对维生素B12水平无明显影响。单纯的限制性手术后一般与维生素B12缺乏不相关。仅有一个小型的研究发现术后1年血叶酸水平下降,但是维生素B12水平正常[16]。
减肥手术后存在维生素B12缺乏的患者中53%希林实验阴性,89%存在内因子缺乏[36]。因此,口服维生素B12不推荐,特别是在内因子缺乏的情况下,影响其在回肠终末端的吸收。目前推荐的补充维生素B12的方案是每月皮下或肌注1000 μg。但是也有研究表示口服维生素B12在减肥手术也是有效的,不过需要较大剂量(350μg/d),是饮食参考剂量的175倍[37]。
6.微量元素:锌在十二指肠及空肠上段吸收,主要通过粪便排出,少量通过泌尿系统排出体外。改变肠道结构通常会影响锌的吸收。缺锌在临床上的表现主要是影响免疫功能,改变味觉,延迟伤口愈合,导致肠病性肢皮炎。脱发在减肥手术后很常见,但是目前对此研究很少,推测这可能与蛋白摄入不足以及锌缺乏相关[38]。大约50%的接受BPD或DS-BPD的患者锌水平下降,11%患者即使在每日补充复合维生素的情况下依然出现锌缺乏[6]。
对减肥手术后血镁变化的临床研究较少,而且现有研究发现血镁缺乏的发生率也较低。Marceau等[39]报道BPD术后4~10年无一例出现镁缺乏。Dolan等[18]报道BPD术后2年镁缺乏发生率仅5%。但是也有研究报道减肥手术后血镁是增加的[40]。所有目前已知的报道中,均无因镁缺乏导致明显临床症状的报道。减肥手术后硒缺乏发生率在14.5%~22%,没有发现明显与之相关临床并发症[39]。仅有个别临床案例报告认为减肥手术后硒缺乏导致扩张性心肌病,建议减少手术后对硒进行监测[41]。锌离子吸收很大程度上依赖脂肪的吸收。因此吸收不良术式后出现锌缺乏较常见。据报道BPD术后50%的患者出现锌缺乏[42],但是也有研究报道只有10.8%[18]。锌缺乏常引起脱发。但是减肥术后脱发也可能是体重下降或是蛋白营养不良所导致。对减肥手术后微量元素含量的变化,不同的研究得出的结论差异较大。这可能与某些矿物质或微量元素常与白蛋白结合,当出现低蛋白血症时,可能会出现代谢异常相关。因此,血浆中微量元素(锌、硒等),矿物质(钙、镁等)可能并不能反应组织或器官存储状况,依赖血浆中的浓度不足以评价这些物质的缺乏。目前为止,减肥手术后导致锌、硒、镁缺乏引起的临床症状报道很少,所以对术后补充这些微量元素,目前缺少明确的证据。
三、结论
减肥手术能够有效治疗肥胖,缓解188bet在线平台网址 、高血压、血脂紊乱等慢性疾病,但是手术内分泌代谢并发症也会给患者带来极大风险。如何减少这些风险并最大化患者手术获益这是我们未来需要关注的焦点。现有的研究结果对预测不同类型的减肥手术后会导致何种营养不良,以及如何有效处理这些并发症,仍有没太多证据形成共识,需要进一步研究。蛋白质、铁、钙、维生素D、以及维生素B12缺乏是减肥手术后最常见营养不良类型,但可能减肥手术后导致营养物质的改变并不仅限于此。尽可能早期发现以及给予针对性的干预措施可能是目前最有效临床治疗手段。因此内分泌科医师早期参与到患者减肥手术治疗过程中,可能会更加有效减少术后营养不良的发生。
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原文链接:减肥手术后营养代谢紊乱及预防
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