以经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVI)为代表的经导管瓣膜介入治疗(TVT)技术是CIT持续数年、热度不减的话题。临床评估需要对患者各脏器功能进行全面评估,包括:①是否需要瓣膜置换术;②是否为外科手术禁忌或高危;③有无TAVI禁忌证。
以经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVI)为代表的经导管瓣膜介入治疗(TVT)技术是CIT持续数年、热度不减的话题。本届大会围绕TVT,以TAVI为重点,于3月18日-19日安排了3场内容。从基本概念、影像学应用、入路选择、适应证、并发症,到欧洲各国观点及亚洲各地区现状,内容全面深入,可谓“全球视野,全景展示”。全体大会第一场还有来自阜外医院的TAVI示教演示。
中国现状
中国医学科学院阜外医院吴永健教授:中国自2010年开展首例TAVI以来,受制于瓣膜研发进程,整体进展较缓慢。目前我国只有十几家医院开展了TAVI,总数在500例左右,且大都处于初始阶段,只有3~4家医院能够常规开展TAVI治疗。我国TAVI器械的研发较西方国家晚了10年,不同于其他技术的“拿来主义”,我国TVT(包括TAVI)走的是自主创新道路,这是我国这几年TAVI发展相对滞后的原因。
未来几年我们将迎来本土瓣膜发展的高峰。国产首个瓣膜目前已经完成临床试验,即将进入市场,明年至后年中国前4款本土瓣膜将相继问世,第二代国产瓣膜今年也进入临床试验。本土瓣膜的研发会对进口瓣膜提出更高要求,最终将造福于患者。随着相关研究的开展,TAVI手术操作的安全性也将进一步提升,使更多医院有能力开展此项技术。
这样的进度实际上恰到好处。我国患者群还未真正高龄化。中国目前65岁以上人群已经超过两亿,但75岁以上“高龄化”人群还不算太多,未来随着中国“高龄化”人群的增长,瓣膜病问题会越来越普遍。因此目前我国TAVI的研发进度正好契合中国人群“高龄化”的速度,这是历史赋予中国的契机。
然而,我国TAVI发展面临几大挑战。首先,与欧美国家相比,我国患者BAV发生率更高、钙化积分更高,同样年龄的老龄患者相对更加虚弱。我国患者对待疾病的态度也非常消极,有着“好死不如赖活着”的观念,常常拖延病情至非常严重才开始求医问药。其次,医生本身素质有待提高。目前我国西医分科过细而缺乏全面,而瓣膜疾病涉及多学科,面对这项新技术,需要探索新的能够有机整合多学科的医疗模式,这对医生自身素质及其多学科合作能力提出了进一步要求。最后,任何医疗新技术的顺利开展都需要制度上的重视和支持,如此才能解决医生与患者的后顾之忧。未来想要全面开展TAVI,以上问题都需要逐一解决。
病例选择
浙江大学医学院附属第二医院 刘先宝 王建安教授:所有主动脉瓣疾病患者进行TAVI前必须经过严格筛选,主要包括临床评估及影像学评估。
临床评估需要对患者各脏器功能进行全面评估,包括:①是否需要瓣膜置换术;②是否为外科手术禁忌或高危;③有无TAVI禁忌证。
影像学评估是TAVI术前评估的重点,包括主动脉根部结构、全程主动脉情况及外周动脉解剖情况,以判断患者是否适合TAVI及指导瓣膜型号选择。评估手段包括:①经胸超声心动图(TTE)或经食道超声心动图(TEE),主要评估心脏形态、功能、瓣膜功能及解剖,主动脉根部解剖,合并其他心脏病及心脏内血栓、赘生物等情况;②多排螺旋计算机体层摄影(MSCT)通过三维重建,可多切面测量评估主动脉根部解剖,如瓣环内径、周径、面积及瓣膜钙化程度、左室流出道内径、主动脉窦内径、升主动脉内径、窦管交界处内径,为瓣膜选择提供参考,MSCT也可测量冠状动脉开口高度,防止瓣膜置入过高堵塞冠脉,MSCT还可测量外周血管内径大小、钙化程度及迂曲情况,评估手术路径;③冠脉计算机体层摄影血管造影(CTA)或冠脉造影,评估是否合并冠心病。
病例挑战:二叶式主动脉瓣
美国西达斯西奈医学中心 Hasan Jilaihawi:This year at CIT I am delighted to participate in a Live Case from Fu Wai Hospital of TAVI for a case of severe aortic stenosis. The case planned is bicuspid with aortopathy and raises several important issues for contemporary TAVI for discussion. The patient is octogenarian, at high risk for conventional surgery and has critical aortic stenosis.
The Venus-A trial treated over 100 patients at high risk of surgery with low rates of mortality at early and mid-term follow up. Almost half of the patients in this trial had congenital (or anatomically bi-commissural) BAV disease, which may be attributable to the slightly younger age of patients presenting for TAVI in China.
Data from the US suggests that BAV disease may be grossly underestimated, but certainly at this time the vast majority of patients are, in contrast to the Chinese population, tricuspid.
This may change in the near future, however, with the advent of low and intermediate surgical risk clinical trials, which will treat younger patients with a greater frequency of BAV anatomy.
Data from the Venus-A trial will be further discussed at CIT but, importantly, demonstrated no differences in outcomes with Venus-A between patients with tricuspid and BAV disease.
This is in contrast to published data from studies in Europe and the US, which have shown higher rates of paravalvular leak. The differences in outcomes in BAV disease could be attributable to case selection, procedural planning and technique and a high radial force device.
An important caveat with BAV disease is the co-existence of aortopathy with ascending thoracic aneurysms. This aortopathy can also be a risk of cumulative mortality with progressive aortic dilatation and the potential for rupture. The management of co-existing aortopathy presents an enormous challenge to transcatheter therapies.
The conventional surgical treatment is extensive with aortic root replacement combined with valve replacement. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is a transcatheter option that shows promise and could be considered for such patients.
copyright© 版权所有,未经许可不得复制、转载或镜像
京ICP证120392号 京公网安备110105007198 京ICP备10215607号-1 (京)网药械信息备字(2022)第00160号